Philosophical Anthropology, Human Nature and the Digital Culture :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Philosophical Anthropology, Human Nature and the Digital Culture Conceptual: Within contemporary Western way of thinking, the issues of human instinct and our place in the universe have to a great extent been overlooked. In the subsequent vacuum, the different subcultures that have grown up around the advanced PC (the purported computerized culture) have been effectively characterizing and forming well known originations of being human and the spot of humankind in the computerized period. Here one finds an understood perspective on human instinct that incorporates intermittent subjects, for example, an accentuation on mind as data free of the physical body, the out of date quality of the human body, the disposal of human disposition, the pliability of human instinct, and the rationale and organization of the PC as a representation for the universe. This perspective on human instinct offers significant qualities with Cartesian and Christian perspectives on human instinct since quite a while ago dismissed by thinkers. A reestablishment of the philos ophical human studies development †dedicated to the issues of human instinct and humankind's place in the universe †licenses us to see the deficiency of the origination of human instinct certain in the computerized culture. What am I that I am a person? What is my place in the idea of things? At the end of the twentieth century, confronting the beginning of another thousand years, the objective of paidea or reasoning instructing humankind may best be accomplished by theory recouping and reaffirming its enthusiasm for these two anthropological inquiries. In this paper I guard this case through an investigation of the perspective on human instinct certain in the advanced culture. For as far back as quite a few years, while scholars have generally overlooked anthropological issues, the sub-societies whirling around PCs and other advanced innovations have been occupied with molding and characterizing the manner by which human instinct will be imagined in the following thousand years. As a rule, in any case, these perspectives on human instinct are delivered in a philosophical and basic vacuum with little idea given to what we as individuals are and what we may turn into. Scholars must address this vacuum by reestablishing their obligation to address these issues, by and by taking up crafted by articulating a philosophical human sciences and giving the direction on these issues that they once did. Reflection on our tendency as people and our place in the universe has a long convention in theory all through the world and has most likely been a focal worry throughout the entire existence of Western way of thinking.

Chadwick Inc Essay Essays

Chadwick Inc Essay Essays Chadwick Inc Essay Chadwick Inc Essay The worry conspires that are remembered for the reasonable scorecard for Norwalk Division are: expanding return on all advancement payment. satisfying customer requests. also, the improvement of representative achievements. The plan that is non grasped in the decent scorecard is the 1 in regard to driving bearing obligation to the most reduced degree. This plan was non included in light of the fact that there should be an equalization in obligation through the organization. Worker imprints and actuations are firmly connected to the open introduction of the division ; more obligation given to staff at lower degrees could build the chance of chiefs puting plans for their ain advantage and division. This could take to differences between authoritative finishes and the closures set by bearing for a particular division. New advances that should be created and remembered for the fair scorecard are return on inquire about capital. stock benefit. stock improvement cut. figure of stocks a work in progress. what's more, figure of workers take separating in planning plans. The means created request to be straight identified with the point and can gracefully criticism for that exceptional nation. ( B ) A Balanced Scorecard created for the organization will vary to one that is explicitly produced for a specific division in an organization. The points of an organization in general are barely extraordinary to the points that are set for a division or area. Hierarchical points which are explanations that understandable what the organization would like to help through will incorporate the entirety of the points over the various divisions of the organization ; where as divisional points are pointed unequivocally at that division. This may follow in various advances utilized in the scorecards to gauge open introduction partner to the particular point. For delineation. Chadwick Inc. works in numerous worries including individual customer stocks and pharmaceuticals. The organizations by and large point is to deliver top notch stocks and secure them to the market quicker at lower costs. For its segment. the Norwalk Pharmaceutical Divisions point is to build the yield of new stocks and to chop down the clasp and expenses of the product improvement beat. This divisional objective turns into a part of the company’s current points and is the point that is centered around when building up the divisional scorecard. The divisional adjusted scorecard was chosen by the leader of Chadwick Inc. to be created in a way ‘that was directly for the division’ . This decentralized dynamic and approval assault may make battle between divisional scorecards and those of the organization. This assault to building up a divisional scorecard may offer ascent to negative impacts. Executives may focus unnecessarily barely on their ain units open introduction and plans rather than accomplishing the general organizations closes. It could other than take to contradictions at the hierarchical degree. The benefits of decentralization exceed its limitations and ought to be embraced in the organization. Be that as it may. to show signs of improvement of the battle of difference among authoritative and divisional scorecards. top heading requests to let for decentralization just to a limited degree and assurance that every division is staying alert and contemplating the general authoritative point. ( degree Celsius ) The worry plan of an organization or division is utilized to embody how all the single exercises are composed to achieve a pined for result. Building up a plan is basic as it is utilized to put the general method of the worry. The worry plot for Norwalk was created by one individual and inside a couple proceedingss. For ideal results and clear way. a plan ought to be created over a more drawn out clasp period and the fair scorecard ought to non be made until all the members included have an away from and vision of the worry. From the earliest starting point of the endeavor it could be said Greenfield was non dedicated to the advancement of the decent scorecard for the Norwalk division. He did non accept how committed Chadwick Inc. was to the develop. Any Balanced Scorecard undertaking will disregard on the off chance that it is viewed as simply another â€Å"management fad† . It needs sponsorship through dynamic conveying †imparting that clarifies why the organization needs the Balanced Scorecard and how it will benefit both the division and people. During the strategy there was other than a lack of committedness from all the individuals. it took them a few hebdomads before meeting and focussing on the endeavor. The clasp spent building up a reasonable scorecard is of import. in the event that it is surged it could take to negative impacts when it is actualized. The divisions of Chadwick were exhorted that only troublesome informations ( financial data ) is to be utilized in the reasonable scorecard. Money related data totally only gives short-run plans ; non-budgetary informations offers a closer nexus to since quite a while ago run hierarchical plans. Thusly by grasping just monetary informations the decent scorecard will flexibly only a short-run venture to quantify the division’s open introduction.

In need of a retreat COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

In need of a retreat COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Each year, at the beginning of the fall semester, is what we here at SIPA like to call “retreat season”. Each concentration and specialization organizes a weekend-long retreat for students throughout the month of September. The retreat is an opportunity for first and second year students to get better acquainted in a fun and engaging environment. Students are able to share experiences and knowledge, such as the “do’s and donts” of SIPA student and academic life. Additionally, this is a great opportunity for students to get to know faculty members and professors in a less formal way. International Finance and Economic Policy (IFEP) Retreat Over 80 IFEP students attended the annual retreat in September held at Camp Kinder Ring in Hopewell Junction, New York. After traveling for two hours by bus, students arrived and had lunch together. Shortly after, Professor Richard Goldberg led an interactive discussion about the financial crisis with students. Professor Andrea Bubula, the IFEP Executive Director, also attended the retreat and gave students an overview of the concentration and its competitive advantages in the current job market. The rest of the afternoon was spent with students playing tennis and basketball at the camp. In the evening students enjoyed dinner followed by a dance party. Despite the near freezing temperatures, students enjoyed this opportunity to get to know each other and learn more about the IFEP concentration. Energy and Environment (EE) Retreat On the 28th of September, the EE concentration had its yearly retreat in the wonderful Kinder Camp as well. This was a great chance to escape from the city and enjoy a nice autumn landscape, lake included, but also a fantastic opportunity to get to know the new members of our SIPA community beyond the Columbia campus. There were several fun outdoor activities including the hilarious build and the whats your shoe size/eye color grouping game. At one point, even some brave Seeples dived into the lake! The trip couldnt be complete without a bonfire and s’mores, which of course quickly turned into a party that many will remember for the musical variety (yes, someone played reggaeton). International Conflict Resolution (ICR) Retreat The International Conflict Resolution retreat brought together 25 SIPA students as well as faculty and guest speakers for a weekend of inspiration and recreation. Saltzman Professor of Professional Practice and International Conflict Resolution specialization director Jean-Marie Guéhenno kicked off discussion on Syria, supported by adjunct faculty member Richard Gowan. Guest speakers David Haeri (MIA, 1997) and Sarah Cliffe (MIA, 1996), both senior United Nations officials in New York, shared insights on the field of conflict resolution and inspired students with their personal stories and experiences. The retreat closed with a conflict type exercise, where students assessed their personal approach to conflict using role play to demonstrate reactions under a variety of scenarios, both calm and stressful. In addition to some self-discovery, canoeing, and a lakeside bonfire, students left the retreat with new friendships and some intellectual stimulation to help them embark upon the n ew semester.

French Revolution Essay - 812 Words

The French Revolution lasted from 1789 to 1799. Although there were several factors that made the French Revolution possible, such as population growth, the expansion of the middle classes, and the rise of an informed public, there were three immediate causes of the Revolution. One was the diminished authority of the royal government. Another was the revolt by the nobility, who sensed a weakening monarchy. The third cause was the crop failure. The government of France was in a financial crisis. The country was deeply in debt from the financing of the wars of Louis XIV. To deal with the nation’s economic problems, Louis XVI called for a meeting of the Estates General in 1789. The Estates General was made up of†¦show more content†¦As he stationed his army in and around Paris, crowds of Parisians stormed the Bastille on July 14, 1789. There they hoped to find weapons and other ammunition to use in resisting and fighting the troops of the king. The Bastille was captured and torn down. This event and numerous other tumultuous events made Louis realize the urgent need for reforms. The National Assembly met in August of 1789 and considered feasable changes. By the end of the month, the Constituent Assembly (the name the National Assembly renamed itself) adopted the quot;Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizenquot; as a preamble for the new constitution. In 1791, a new constitution was written by the Constituent Assembly. It left the monarchy with little control of France, and put into effect a separation of powers. The monarchy was powerless against the Constituent Assembly, which had power over the government. Louis and his family’s attempt to flee the country made it clear that the king was not loyal to his country. When the National Convention, the new Assembly, met on September 21, 1792, it proclaimed France a republic, and Louis was put on trial for treason and for being a member of the monarchy. He was found guilty of treason and other crimes, and died under the guillotine on January 21, 1793. The death of the king opened the revolution to more tumultuous change led by the radical groups.Show MoreRelatedThe French Revolution And The Revolution1523 Words   |  7 PagesThe French Revolution was a time rife with violence, with many revolutionaries using extreme actions to overturn the French Monarchy and create a government based on equality and justice, rather than tyranny and despotism. This violence reached gruesome and terrible heights throughout the revolution, but was justified by the revolutionaries, who believed that their goals of total equality, the end of tyranny, and the return to a virtuous society, allowed them to use means necessary to attain theseRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1336 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis The French Revolution was such an important time history. Not only was it a massacre with many lives being lost, including that of Queen Marie Antoinette and her husband King Louis XVI, it was also a time of great political turmoil which would turn man against man that being the case of Edmond Burke and Thomas Paine. Edmond Burke a traditionalist who believed the people should be loyal to the king against his former friend, Thomas Paine a free thinker who believed in order for things toRead MoreThe Revolution Of The French Revolution1040 Words   |  5 PagesWhile there were political and social causes of The French Revolution the most important cause was actually economic. A few years before the French’s revolution the French spent approximately 1.3 billion livres, 13 billion dollars, on the American Revolution. This gracious contribution caused trouble at home. The French Revolution was one of the most important events in history. While it changed the social structure in France it also affected many different countries across the world. â€Å"the treeRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1640 Words   |  7 Pages The French Revolution is often seen as one of the most influential and significant events in world history (Voices 9). The surge of rebellion present in those against the old regime, or Ancien Rà ©gime, inspired reformers for generations to come. Nevertheless, the French Revolution would not have occurred without the aid of the Enlightenment Thinkers, or Philosophà ©s. These Philosophà ©s’ ideas sparked the French Revolution. Prior to the French Revolution, France was radically different. It was theRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1321 Words   |  6 Pages The French Revolution The French Revolution was an iconic piece of history that help shape the world. It was a time were great battles occurred. Blood sheds happen almost every day. The streets were red by the blood of bodies that were dragged from being beheaded. The economy was in bad shape. But before all of this the French had a few goals but there was one goal that they all wanted and that was to get rid of the monarchy. This idea did not arrive out of nowhere, the commoners were influenceRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1223 Words   |  5 Pages French Revolution As the Enlightenment began in the middle of the 17th century, people began to use reason rather than stick to tradition. New Enlightenment ideas spread throughout Europe such as ideas on government. Enlightenment thinkers such as Rousenan believed that the best government was one formed with the general consent of the people. Other Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire and Montesquieu believed in freedom of speech and a separation of power within the government. All of theseRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1221 Words   |  5 PagesWhen people think of the French Revolution, they immediately think of the country of France and how the Revolution affected it. What most people do not think about however, is how the Revolution affected other countries, specifically the country of England. England was affected positively and negatively by the Revolution in that there was an increase of political involvement, but there was a collapse in the economy due to war declared by France. The French Revolution created a battle of conflictingRead MoreRevolutions And The French Revolution956 Words   |  4 Pages Revolutions are a common occurrence throughout world history. With the amount of revolutions in history, there are those that get lost and those that are the most remembered or well known. One of the well known revolutions is the French Revolution which occurred in the years 1789 to 1799. Before the French Revolution, France was ruled by an absolute monarchy, this meaning that one ruler had the supreme authority and that said authority was not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customsRead MoreThe Revolution Of The French Revolution1636 Words   |  7 Pageswas an old fortress that had served as a royal prison and in which gunpowder was stored. This will be the place where Parisian crowds will lay siege on and use the gunpowder for their weapons, and this will become a great turning point in the French Revolution. 3) The Great Fear was the vast movement that the peasant insurgency of sacking nobles’ castles and burning documents would blend into. This attack was mainly because of seigneurial dues and church tithes that weighed heavily on many peasantsRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1180 Words   |  5 PagesLooking at the historical timeline, one can see that the French Revolution derived after the Enlightenment, which brought different ways of thinking, and different outlooks on government and society (553),(555),(558). The Enlightenment also changed the world of public debate, and established some ideas central to the French Revolution. The French Revolution of 1789 occurred due to government debt, class conflict, bankruptcy, the Enlightenment, and the rule of absolutism. These social, economic, and

Gun, Hunting, And Personal Defense - 1024 Words

Putting rounds down range every time you pull the trigger on your firearm is very important, whether for target shooting, hunting, or personal defense. Equally important to putting rounds down range is the proper maintenance of your firearm. There are many types of firearms in today’s world with some that are more complicated than others in their operation and maintenance. One of the easier firearms to maintain is the Armalite Rifle, Model 15, otherwise known as the AR-15. The basic disassembly, or field striping, of the AR-15, is universal regardless of who the manufacture is or how the gas system is set up. You will only need a clear work surface, a beach towel or similar item, and a number 2 punch to complete the disassembly process.†¦show more content†¦Place your towel flat on your work surface before proceeding (this is to help prevent oil, grease, powder residue, and your firearm from damaging the work surface). The first step in disassembly after making the we apon clear and safe is to separate the upper receiver group from the lower receiver group. Locate the takedown pin, which is located just above the safety, and the pivot pin, which is located at the front of the lower receiver. With your number 2 punch depress the takedown pin from the left side. You should feel a noticeable click when the takedown pin overcomes the force of the takedown pin detent. Repeat for the pivot pin, being careful not to push the pin all the way through the receiver. The takedown pin and pivot pins should now be partially extended on the right side of the lower receiver. Lay the firearm on its left side so it lies flat on your work surface. Grasp the takedown pin from the right side and pull till it fully extends out the right side of the receiver. Again, you should feel a noticeable click when the detent pin engages the takedown pin at the fully extended position. Now repeat by grasping and pulling the pivot pin till it fully extends out the right side of t he receiver. Next, while holding the lower receiver group, grasp the upper receiver group and slide it clear of the lower receiver group. At this point the lower receiver group disassembly is complete, so sit it to one sideShow MoreRelatedThe Freedom And Freedom Of The United States Of America1603 Words   |  7 Pagesdefended by our courageous, gun wielding soldiers. Currently, in this turbulent time of politics in our nation, many of our rights and privileges are being aimed at for attack and infringement. In this case, particularly, it is the American citizen s right to bear arms. This right must be protected and preserved for the sake of the people of America and the country itself. U.S. citizens should be allowed to bear arms because they are an incredibly useful tool for self-defense, the second amendmentRead MoreDifferent Gun Laws Around the World Essay984 Words   |  4 PagesFirearm laws and polices are different around the world. For example, some countries such as t he United Kingdom, South Korea, Germany, and China have strict limits on gun possession, while others, like Switzerland, the Czech Republic, and the United States, allow larger access, while countries like Canada, and Finland are somewhere in the middle. Most countries hold the power to protect themselves, others, and police their own territory. However, this power can be taken away under unpredictableRead MoreShould Gun Control Be Banned?1191 Words   |  5 Pagessafety and opinions from people who either support or oppose gun control. With all the recent terrorist activity and violence, many people feel uneasy about the idea of others owning firearms. Some believe that firearms should be banned to create a safer environment. On the other side, many people claim that owning and carrying guns would provide a safer society since we would be able to defend ourselves. I do not believe that banning guns would make this country safer, but instead it would createRead MoreFiring Back At Gun Control Essay1433 Words   |  6 PagesJacob Wilson Ms. Aukes English II 3 September 2014 Firing Back At Gun Control In America there are about 200,000 women that use guns every year to protect themselves against sexual crime (Snyder). Gun control is where the government puts laws on someones ownership of a firearm. Gun control is a tricky topic and has the nation somewhat split both ways on it. 62% think that there is little concern for firearm restriction, while 33% say there is a need to worry about it, and the other 5% are indifferentRead More America Needs Some Gun Control Essay1552 Words   |  7 Pages Gun control is the effort to restrict or limit the possession and use of guns. The gun control debate may be one of the most important issues in our society. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 2008 that the 2nd Amendment restrains the government’s ability to ban handguns. Some politicians are passionate about gun control and make voting decisions based upon on this issue alone; hence, the people we elect into office directly affect our lives. A few republican politicians have a strongRead MoreGun Control Of The United States1166 Words   |  5 PagesSince America’s birth, guns have played a large part in it’s society. Citizens of the United States have used firearms to protect the land they love, and their families. They even use them for engaging activities such as hunting and sport. Though firearms may seem to have a commonplace in society, weighing the rights and liberties of citizens against the safety and welfare of the public has always been a delicate process. In the United States, gun control is a of heated issue that has two sides.Read MoreTaking a Look at Gun Control1263 Words   |  5 PagesGun control is one of the most controversial topics in our country. There are two main views. The first is the view as it is said in the United States Constitution, they guns should be legal for civilian ownership. The second view, and the severity of its enforcement varies from person to person, it that gun control should be enacted . This could just mean smaller magazines, to no semi-automatic guns, or even to a complete ban. The founding father’s view is basically what is still used todayRead MoreIn Recent Years, We Have Seen An Increase In Mass Shootings1638 Words   |  7 Pagesmore gun laws be enacted?† Firearms are rooted deep our country’s history; our founding fathers having fought the revolutionary war for our freedom recognized the importance of guns to citizens. Adding it as a fundamental right in the constitution as the second amendment. Stating that A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. In this essay, I will be making the case for why stricter gun lawsRead MoreThe Case Of Statled Amendments In The State Of Colorado1157 Words   |  5 Pagesproperty owned or controlled by her. A permit is needed by all qualified citizens in Colorado to lawfully possess any firearm. State Constitutional Provision. The state gun law was established by the state constitutional provision Article 11, Section 13 which states that â€Å"the right of no person to keep and bear arms in defense of his home, person and property, or in aid of civil power when thereto legally summoned, shall be called in question; but nothing herein contained shall be constructed toRead MorePersuasive Essay On Bear Arms1201 Words   |  5 PagesDuring that time, there were no public safety systems, like the police, and there were no automatic weapons available. From a personal protection angle, people own guns for self-defense, is impractical and glamorized. There is no reason for a person who lives in the suburbs to have a semi or fully automatic rifle or multiple weapons. Even if the arguement is for hunting for example, you should not need an semi or fully automatic rifle. People who live off the grid or need to hunt for food to live

Journalism Is Art Free Essays

Journalism Is Art Journalism is defined as â€Å"writing that reflects superficial thought and research, a popular slant, and hurried composition conceived of as exemplifying topical newspaper or popular magazine writing as distinguished from scholar writing. † Art is defined as â€Å"the quality, production, expression, or realm, according to aesthetic principles, of what is beautiful, appealing, or of more than ordinary significance. † So how are the two related? Journalism and art are related by definition because of two things. We will write a custom essay sample on Journalism Is Art or any similar topic only for you Order Now First, they are related because they both require superficial thought. Without creativity or a critical thinking process the article is not going to be different from anyone else’s. What separates the New York Times journalist from a college newspaper journalist? It is not just pay. It is pure experience and creativity. Any good writing requires creative thinking. Each piece of writing is individualized by the character and creativity of the writer Same with art. If everyone thought the same way then we wouldn’t have amazing paintings like the Mona Lisa by Leonardo Devinci or Starry Night by Vincent Van Gaugh that stands out from your local artist. Each artist has different styles of painting. An example would be modern art and scenery art. Each requires different strongholds in different areas of skill. Just like journalists, one writer may write amazing columns but when it comes to a hard news article they are not as strong. Secondly journalism and art is related by definition because they both have more than ordinary significance. Sylvia, who writes for the TAXI design network quotes, â€Å"When we are so deeply moved by an experience that we want to share it with others, we are where art begins. Art does not need to be â€Å"understood† or to be enjoyed. Like life itself, it can simply be experienced. Yet the more we understand what art can offer, the richer our experience of it will be. † This statement can be related to journalism. As a journalist, we write about what moves us to share or inform others. Articles are not always written to be enjoyed. They are sometimes used to break the most horrid news. These types of articles just can only simply be experienced. This is part of the art of journalism. It is part of life. Good journalism as well as good art has impact on our life. An article may reveal secretes of the government and ddress problems that we should be aware of in our community. Art impacts our life the same way. The painting La Maja Desnuda by Spanish painter Francisco Goya raised much controversy in the late 1700’s. This painting was one of the first nude paintings depicting pubic hair on a woman. Goya was stripped of his position of a Spanish court painter after this painting was revealed. It impacted p eople, just like journalism. This semester I have had my first experience as a journalist. I am taking a newspaper print class and writing for the school newspaper, The Bridge. When I first started the class I had no clue what I was getting into. Tight deadlines, different styles of articles, gathering information from sometimes non-willing sources, and the whole separate art of photojournalism were a shock to me. I perceive journalism as an art because of experience. Just like a painting it takes time, creative thought, and has different styles Many people argue that journalism is a dying art or not an art at all. I can agree with the fact that journalism is a dying art. Before television and radio, newspaper print was the only way of circulating the news other than by word of mouth. It is much different in this day and time. We now have television that have reporters report to us live news. A newspaper can not break the news live for its audience. Newspapers are finding it harder to be successful in this day and time. On the other side of this argument, people have more opportunity to write as a journalist because of internet. It no longer binds us to local writing. A person in Kentucky can write an article for the New York Times and simply send it by e-mail in the matter of seconds. Some people do not think journalism is an art because they have not experienced it for themselves. Just like me, before I experienced journalism for myself I thought it was just like any other type of writing. These people think journalism is old fashioned and would much rather have their news delivered to them by television, bypassing reading an actual article because they want to be informed the easiest way possible. They believe televised media is more accurate and easier to be comprehended. We need to save the art of print journalism. When was the last time you seen a teenager reading an actual print of the newspaper when they were not in it? I think schools should make students read news papers to be informed of current issues in the community. This would better improve their reading skills and promote newspaper print. Journalism as an art will only die out if we let it. Work Cited â€Å"Art† Dictionary. com Random House, Inc. February 13, 2013. â€Å"Journalism†. Dictionary. com. Random House, Inc. February 13, 2013 Sylvia. â€Å"Visual Arts- More Than Ordinary Significance† designtaxi. com. TAXI design network August 16, 2005. Web February 3, 2013. â€Å"10 Most Famous Paintings of all Time. †touropia. com. Touropia. October 30, 2010 Web. February 3, 2013 . How to cite Journalism Is Art, Papers

Political system comparison between India and China

Unmistakably, India and China have gradually developed in the economic sectors due to effective organization in their political systems. The two countries found in the Asian continent, despite being third world countries, have advanced in the technological know how. It is unbelievable that the western countries face a serious competition from these nations due to the political stability found in the two countries.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Political system comparison between India and China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The political systems in China and India are stable therefore the two countries have developed both econonomically and socially (Wang, 2003). Consequently, this paper attempts to compare their political systems, process and the policies in China and India. Finally, the paper hypothesizes the future of India and China in relation to their political systems. India is a democratic c ountry which is headed by the president. The major functions of the president include; powers to declare the state of emergency that allows the lower house (Lok sabha) to extend the five year term, chief legal adviser of the government and signing of the bills from the parliament (Manion, 2000). The members of parliament have an obligation to vote for a persistent president. Among the members of parliament is the Electoral College. An electoral college is made up of the lawmakers. The number of these members is proposed to be 4500. Also there is a post of vice president who is elected by the members from both the upper and the lower houses. An individual who has an obligation to chair the upper house is the vice president. The upper house of the Indian parliament is identified as Rajya Sabha (Goldstein, 1990). India has got the post of prime minister who is the head of the government affairs. Some stages are usually followed during the selection of a prime minister. First, a group o f individuals from the lower house are expected to nominate the prime minister. Finally, the president is given the duty to select the Prime Minister (White, 1994). The prime minister is expected to advocate for the best ministers. He then leaves the remaining task to the president to select the ministers. The ministers then form the Council of Ministers. The parliament of India is proposed to have two houses. One of the houses is the lower house. This is also known as house of people or Lok Sabha that has got 552 members. 530 members come from various states in India, while 20 members come from the union territories of India and 2 members are representatives of the English and Indian communities (Almond, 1956). The president should dismiss the movements in the lower house after five years of operation. Unless the president exercises his power of declaring state of emergency, the lower house may precede the five year term of operation. For instance, the lower house in the years1962- 1968 experienced extension due to declaring the state of emergency (Goldstein, 1990).Advertising Looking for research paper on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The election to the lower house is held at large magnitude in the 530 states in India which are completed after the five rounds which may last up to one month. The second one is the upper house. According to White (1994, p. 23), â€Å"The upper house on the contrary is also referred to as the council of state or Rajya Sabha which consists of 250 members†. The 238 members of this house are elected by the state or territorial agencies according to the number of people while the remainder 12 members are elected by the president basing in the knowledge of their specialization in various fields. The upper house lasts for a term of six years of which the session of the house is continuous. As a result, the upper house in India is not affected by the d issolution from the president (Dickson, 2003). Both the upper and lower houses perform similar functions i.e. legislative functions therefore they share some of their duties. However, the lower house is the most powerful in the conflicting matters since it is made up of almost double the number of members found in the upper house (Manion, 2000). In India, there is a system of multiparty where there are several political parties in the lower and the upper house. It is mandatory that a political party is recognized in four states for it to be called a national party. A political party can never be referred to as a national party unless it is acknowledged in four states. State parties are names used to refer to parties that are not acknowledged in either four or more states (Dickson, 2003). Likewise there are state parties and national parties in the India political system. However it can be noted that the Indian National Congress has been dominating the Indian politics since its incep tion in 1885. It was formed majorly with an aim of fighting for freedom but afterwards it engaged in politics of India and its leadership has rotated within the Gandhi family. For instance some of its leader include; Jawaharlal Nehru Gandhi, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, Sonia Gandhi etc. Other major political party that is found in India is Baratiya Janata Party, abbreviated as BJP. This party was formed in the year 1980 with an aim of catering for the needs of social and religious values for the Indian people. India is a country that has a considerable number of minor political parties.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Political system comparison between India and China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Amongst them is the Nationalist Congress Party as well as the Bahujan Samaj Party (Wang, 2003). State parties in India operate in restricted regions and some of them include; Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pra desh, Assam, Bihar, Goa, Aryana, Punjab etc. The judicial system of India consists of the Supreme Court as the highest organ in the provision of justice to the people of India. The chief justice is selected by the president. The president does this basing on the guidance from the prime minister. In White (1994, p. 24), it is quoted that â€Å"Civil cases are dealt with in both high courts and magistrate courts†. Such cases are chaired by the judges. China has a complex political system however it practices communism. China is a socialist republic where the working people act as the leaders of the country. Therefore the power of deciding the future of this country lies in the hands of the citizens rather than leaders of the government or political party leaders. Therefore the national people congress (NPC) and the local people congress (LPC) are the organizations that represent the people in their duty of exercising control of the country. The National Peoples Congress is the powerful organ in the republic of China and it is made up of deputies from 35 different units (Manion, 2000). The main work of the national congress is making and amending of the law, determining the budget of the government. This is the supreme organization in PRC therefore it has powers to appoint or demote senior officials. The terms of office of the national people congress is five years and for every year there is a convention where the members of the congress gather to discuss ideas. For instance it is the work of the national people congress to nominate and elect senior officials such as the president and the chairman of the committee of the NPC. Also the prime minister and various ministers are appointed by the national people’s congress and they can be removed from these positions by the same organ through legal procedures. The national people congress is therefore a major unit in the administration of the country since it not only provides the people with an opportu nity to exercise power over the destiny of their country but also assists the state agencies to intermingle and share the work. This helps in developing the spirit of socialism of which the people republic of China relies on this policy.Advertising Looking for research paper on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The selected president and vice president in China are expected to be in leadership for a period of five years. These individuals are appointed by the national people congress. It is worthy to note that china is also a democratic republic where there is exercising of multiparty (White, 1994). The Communist Party of China (CPC) is the leading party therefore it is dominant in decision making in the National Peoples Congress. This is because after the decisions are passed in the people’s congress, the decision is subject to scrutiny by the CPC. This makes the peoples republic of china to sound like a one party state however there is existence of other political parties. In Dickson (2003 p.32), â€Å"there are other eight political parties and some of them include; China Association for Promoting Democracy, China Democratic League, China Democratic National Construction Association, Taiwan Democratic Self Government League, Jiusan Society, Chinese Peasant and Workers Democratic Party†. However these political parties work hand in hand with the communist party of China since the CPC is the dominant party i.e. the ruling party (Wang, 2003). This means that there is interaction and consultation between the ruling party and the other eight political parties. Therefore the CPC is supported by other parties in ruling the people republic of china. Consequently, there is no opposing party in the debate of national issues since there is cooperation between the CPC and the other eight political parties (White, 1994). In India, political socialization occurs when the president interact with the prime minister in appointment of senior officials. For instance, a proposal must be made from the prime minister before the president is guaranteed the freedom to choose the ministers. The same applies to the prime minister who is selected after approvals from groups of individuals from the lower house. From this, it is derived that the president has to cooperate with t he prime minister while performing his activities. Another instance where political socialization occurs in India is the working between the lower house and the upper house. Both houses are involved in legislative duties however the lower house has supreme powers over the upper house therefore the former handles sensitive bills such as money bills. In special circumstances, there is joint session between the two houses. The two houses are therefore the socialization agents in India. This is because in the lower house, members are elected directly from the 530 states of India. The members have a duty of representing each person that is found in the constituency. In the upper house, the members are elected indirectly by the president or other legislative units. As a result of this, most of the interests of the common man are catered for since there is a representative in the parliament. On the other hand, political socialization in China is witnessed through the cooperation and consul tations between the ruling party CPC and other parties (Goldstein, 1990). The minor parties participate in the discussions concerning the state affairs and policy implementation while the ruling party takes into consideration the ideas. Therefore there is sharing of ideas where the parties are dependent on each other. The final decision that is made by the ruling party is reached upon consultation with the other eight political parties. Therefore the agent of socialization in the china political system is the political parties that provide democracy to the people of china. Through the ruling party CPC, the people are able to express their opinions Articulation and aggregation of interests of the people in republic of India is through political parties. India has a system of multiparty where the parties fight for the interests of the common man. This is done by means of articulation where the needs of the citizens are expressed in a simple way so that they can be understood clearly b y the political system. For instance, communist party of India fights for the recognition of the rights of the Marxist group found in republic of India. Aggregation of interests of the people is achieved through analyzing various opinions from the people and then identifying the common ideas among them (Almond, Powell, Dalton Strom, 2008). The parties then represent these common ideas in the parliament so that the interests of the citizens are fulfilled. For instance, the Baratiya Janata Party which recognizes the social and religious rights for the Indian people. On the opposite, the articulation and aggregation of interest of the people of republic of china is achieved through the dominant party CPC. The communist party is a unitary party of china since it is ruling with assistance from other parties. The ideas from other parties and individuals are welcomed by this party hence the interests of the people are adequately represented. In India, public policy is crafted by the parli ament that involves both the lower and upper house (Almond, 1956). However the lower house has supreme legislative power as compared to the upper house. This system of parliament is known as bicameral where the two houses share the responsibility of making and amending the laws. The formed laws then become public policies of which the people of this nation are compelled to follow. Things are different with China since the public policies are designed by the National People Conference. The National People Conference also enacts laws concerning the civil cases, crime and other important laws. In conclusion, India is likely to become less democratic since the power of making the laws lies on the hands of the two parliaments. The individuals are represented by the members of the parliament which present a risk of inadequate representation. Also the president of the republic of India is elected indirectly by the members of the legislative unit which denies the citizen their democratic ri ght of voting for their favorite president. However if economic prosperity is to occur in India, the political culture is likely to change from the normal. This is because the political system in India denies the citizens a chance to elect the president and the vice president. As a result of this, people might not be represented adequately in the parliament. Furthermore, people are likely to be independent hence the political parties will decrease in number hence their will be no opposition to the government. As a result, India is entitled to change in the interest aggregation and the creation of the public policy. Since the political system is subject to become less democratic, appropriate measures will be taken to create the public policies and also cater for the interest’s aggregation. Contrary, China is likely to be more democratic since the people are directly involved in the state affairs through the national peoples congress. The views and suggestion of the people of c hina are likely to be put into consideration since the supreme organ is the NPC. Consequently, the political culture in China is likely to remain the same with increase in economic prosperity. This is because the powers are centered to one supreme body hence there is great unity among the state departments and corporations. The interests’ aggregation and the creation of public policy in China are likely to remain the same. This is because the national people congress involves the people of China directly in the governance of their country. Reference List Almond, G.A. (1956). Comparative Political Systems. The Journal of Politics, 18, 391- 402. Almond, G.A., Powell, B., Dalton, R., Strom, K. (2008). Comparative politics today.  9th ed. London: Pearson Longman publisher. Dickson, B.K. (2003). The Supremacy of the Communist Party of China. Journal of  Democracy, 14(1). Goldstein, A. (1990).Explaining politics in the Peoples Republic of China: The structural alternative. Com parative Politics, 22(3), 301-322. Manion, M. (2000). Chinese Democratization in Perspective: Electorates and Selectorates at the State Level. The Chinese Quarterly, 163, 700-721. White, G. (1994). Democratization and Economic Reform in China. The Australian  Journal of Chinese Affairs, 31, 72-97. Wang, J.C.F. (2003). Contemporary Chinese Politics-An introduction. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. This research paper on Political system comparison between India and China was written and submitted by user Kane V. to help you with your own studies. 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