Review Of This Republic Of Suffering - 1791 Words

9764 Mr. Jeter H1301 2 December 2014 Review of This Republic of Suffering: Death and The American Civil War by Drew Gilpin Faust (Alfred A. Knopf: New York, 2008, xiv + 271 pp.) Drew Gilpin Faust’s This Republic of Suffering: Death and The American Civil War tackles a subject that is not widely written about: the ways of death of the American Civil War generation. She demonstrates how the unprecedented carnage, both military and civilian, caused by the Civil War forever changed American assumptions of death and dying, and how the nation and its people struggled to come to terms with death on an unimaginable scale. The war created a veritable â€Å"republic of suffering† and Faust vividly portrays the United States’ ordeal, transformation, and†¦show more content†¦The public’s displays of mourning gave rise to new conventions or modifications of existing manners; in the blockaded South resourcefulness grew out of necessity as Southern widows could not import the latest European elegances. The most important transformation Faust describes here is of the new roles taken on by the survivors: as widows, orphans, and communitie s, even a nation of mourners. The war took a toll on the beliefs of soldiers and their families as the carnage destroyed beyond recognition or even annihilated bodies. In Believing and Doubting Faust explores quintessential questions revolving round religion and humanity that lingered in the minds of Americans as they wrestled with the consequences of that destruction cause by the war. People’s beliefs may have been â€Å"powerfully challenged,† but they also became â€Å"fervently reaffirmed† as the war progressed (172). For many survivors and victims alike, death became redefined as â€Å"eternal life† (177), and heaven into an â€Å"eternal family reunion† (180). In this grim conflict a soldier’s death became to many â€Å"the vehicle of salvation† to achieve â€Å"God’s design ofShow MoreRelatedChina s National Strategy Of Hiv / Aids Prevention Programs1346 Words   |  6 Pageshtm#footnote51_2gjd2tg [4] UNGASS (2012, March) China AIDS Response Progress Report. Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China [5] UNGASS (2010, April) China AIDS Response Progress Report. Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China [6] Eric, PF (2011, May) HIV and Syphilis Co-Infection Increasing among Men Who Have Sex with Men in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PloS ONE 6(8). 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Free Trade and Poor Countries Free Essays

Why free trade is in the interest of the world’s poorest countries Free trade has been a much discussed topic since the 1770s, when Adam Smith presented his theory on trade and absolute advantages. Most sources argue that free trade will benefit the poor nations in the long run (Anderson et al. 2011; Bussolo et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Free Trade and Poor Countries or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2011; Madely 2000; Winters et al. , 2004). How-ever, the size of the benefits will vary in terms of which trade reforms are made, who the poor are, and how they support themselves (Winters et al. 2004). The purpose of this paper is to discuss why and how free trade is in the interest of the world’s poorest countries. The essay will commence by a description of the traditional trade theories, followed by a discussion of the advantages and the im-pact free trade has on the poorest nations including different theories and findings. There are two classic elements in the definition of trade. The first is Adam Smith’s rule of ‘mutual gain’, assessing that for two countries trading with each other both must gain. Furthermore Adam Smith argues that trade is based on ‘absolute advantages’, which means that free trade will benefit all nations, if they specialise in producing the goods in which they are most efficient. The countries will then be able to produce at a lower price and trade the surplus for goods where they are less effective. This will allocate the world’s resources in the best possible way (Dunkley 1997; Irwin 2002; Madely 2000; Smith 1776) The second element to trade is Ricardo’s (1817) argument that trade and specialisation is based on ‘comparative advantages’. If one country has the absolute advantages in all goods com-pared to another country both nations can still benefit from trading. The country with the absolute disadvantage should specialise in producing the goods in which the absolute disadvantage is small-est and then import the goods in which the absolute disadvantage is largest. In the perspective of comparative advantages, freeing up trade would give the developing countries a chance to specialise in the production of primary goods and export the surplus to the developed countries in exchange of e. g. industrial goods (Salvatore 2012). However, some sources argue that when the trading is between a poor country trading primary goods and a rich country trading industrial goods the latter will benefit the most, because the poor country will have to export more in order to import a similar amount (Madely 2000). In contrast, Samuelson (1939) argues that any kind of trade is better than no trade and Salvatore (2012) concludes that developing countries should continue trading as long as they gain. The capital they get from the trade should be used to improve their technology, which will change their comparative advantages from primary goods to more refined goods. This is supported by Winters et al. (2004) who point out that connection be-tween the liberalisation of trade and growth have not yet been completely proven, however there is no proof that trade should be harmful to growth. Moreover, barriers of free trade are not the only factor causing poverty; wars, corruption, diseases, and natural disasters are just a few internal fac-tors that keep the poor countries in poverty (Salvatore 2012). Another argument for free trade is that it would utilise the developing countries unutilised resources, caused by the insufficient national demand, more efficient. Free trade would give productions in developing countries a chance to sell their surplus on a greater market and with this give the developing countries a vent for their surplus (Salvatore 2012). Furthermore, free trade would increase the efficiency of domestic producers in order for them to compete with foreign companies. In addition, the expanding of the market size would form a basis for division of labour and economies of scale (Salvatore 2012). Advocates of free trade argue that free trade will maximise the world’s welfare (Bussolo et al. 2011). This is supported by the theory of imposing tariffs in small and large countries (Salvatore 2012). A small country is defined as a country where changes in the domestic market would not affect the international market price and a large country is defined as a country where changes would affect the international market prices (Salvatore 2012). If a small country imposes import tariffs they will experience an overall loss in welfare, because of deadweight loss which is caused by inefficiency in domestic production. If a large country imposes tariffs they will xperience an improvement in welfare because they are able to affect the international market price, the producer’s surplus rise and the government’s revenue increases (Salvatore 2012). However, gains from tariffs are often only short term; when a large country imposes tariffs their trading partners probably will too. This will result in reduced traded volume, which in the long term will cause a decrease in world welf are. Madely (2000) argues that free trade, historically, has raised the welfare of many nations, however, but not for the poorest nations. He claims that free trade mostly benefits the multinational companies, because the rise of food import has forced the smaller farmers to sell their land to the larger companies. Furthermore, the multinational companies do not have any commitment or loyalty to the country in which they are active, which means that the poorest stay poor. In contrast Dollar (2005) claims, that the fast growth and reduction of poverty has been strongest in the developing countries that have included themselves in the world economy most rapidly. Furthermore, Salvatore (2012) states that trade will move new technologies, ideas, and managing skills from the developed countries to the developing countries. So even though multinational companies are taking over the small farmer’s land they still provide the producing country with new knowledge and tools that can help the country develop new comparative advantages. Winters et al. (2004) claim, that freeing up trade is one of the easiest ways to reduce poverty. Agricultural trade reforms would have the largest and most positive impact on poverty, because three-quarters of the world’s poorest people still hinge on farming as their main source of income (Anderson et al. 2011). Furthermore, the poor countries also often have a large number of unskilled workers, which give the poor nations a comparative advantage in exporting labour-intensive goods (Bhagwati Srinivasan 2002). This paper determines that free trade overall would be in the interest of the poorest countries. Free trade will increase the global welfare and help the poor countries develop their comparative ad-vantages. Multinational companies’ investments in the poor countries will result in moving of tech-nology, ideas and skills. However, theory is not always consistent with practice, why it is important to examine the different perspectives in each case. Abolishing the world’s trade tariffs would indeed help the world’s poorest countries access a greater market to sell their goods, however, freeing up trade alone would not completely eliminate poverty; wars, diseases, corruption, and catastrophes are also strong influential factors of poverty. How to cite Free Trade and Poor Countries, Essay examples

Comparison of Eastern and Western Philosophers Essay Example For Students

Comparison of Eastern and Western Philosophers Essay Eastern PhilosophyWestern Philosophy Main SchoolsBuddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism, Integral Yoga, Islam, Taoism,Zen Christianity**, Rational, Scientific, Logical schools Main Principles1. Cosmological unity 2. Life is a journey towards eternal realities that are beyond the realities that surround us 3. Circular view of the universe, based on the perception of eternal recurrence 4. Inner-world dependant 5. Self-liberation from the false Me and finding the true Me 6. Behavioral ethics1. Feeling oneself as an element of the Divine 2. Life is service (to the God, money, business, etc. ) 3. Linear view of the universe and life, based on the Christian philosophy where everything has its beginning and the end. 4. Outer-world dependant 5. Self-dedication to the goal (success, happiness, etc. ) The Me conceptEternal reality of the universal truth: self-liberation through getting rid of the false Me and discovering the true MeMe is here and now. The true â€Å"Me† in every human being is a part of the Divine that need to become apparent. True â€Å"Me† is given and doesn’t have to be cognizable. Relationship with ReligionIntegrationOpposition Search for Absolute Truth†¢Systemic approach – all events in the universe are interconnected †¢Searching inside yourself – through meditation and right living Though he should live a hundred years, not seeing the Truth Sublime; yet better, indeed, is the single days life of one who sees the Truth Sublime. – Buddha †¢More focused on individual events and the role of the person †¢Searching outside yourself through research and analysis The truth that survives is simply the lie that is pleasantest to believe. – H. L. Mencken Search for Truth Fundamental ResearchThe truth is given is does not to have be proved. The philosophic base for and culture of fundamental research is weaker. The truth needs to be proven. The philosophic base for and culture of fundamental research is stronger. FutureFuture is predetermined by ones own deeds today. Study the past if you would like to divine the future . – Confucius Future is unknown, ones destiny has been predetermined by God and depends very little on ones own deeds. You can never plan the future by the past. – Edmund Burke Beliefs and ValuesThe true key is inside. What is valuable – is the inner world of the human being and his natural ability to control and develop it. The way ahead – is through self-development (inside intervention). The superior man understands what is right; the inferior man understands what will sell. – Confucius By chasing desires you will meet only the outer surface. – Lao Tzu The main values are success and happiness, that can be achieved in different ways, but rarely through developing ones inner strength. The majority of the criteria for success and happiness have outer nature (money, faith, popularity, etc. ). The way ahead – is through active outside intervention. Happiness lies in virtuous activity, and perfect happiness lies in the best activity, which is contemplative. – Aristotle Individualism / CollectivismA human being is an integral part of the universe and the society. People are fundamentally connected and duty towards all others is a very serious matter. Collectivism is stronger. A human being has an individualistic nature, is an independent part of the universe and the society. Individualism is stronger. Improvement / EvolutionCyclic development, thus improvement has no limits and is an ultimate goal. Linear development, thus improvement has a goal. The development stops when the goal is reached. Radical Innovation / RevolutionThe fundamentals of the status quo should not be questioned. The culture of considering and introducing radical changes is weaker. The fundamentals of the status quo can – and often should – be questioned. The culture of considering and introducing radical changes is stronger. .uee484edfc009630d7527d1dd0d34fc70 , .uee484edfc009630d7527d1dd0d34fc70 .postImageUrl , .uee484edfc009630d7527d1dd0d34fc70 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uee484edfc009630d7527d1dd0d34fc70 , .uee484edfc009630d7527d1dd0d34fc70:hover , .uee484edfc009630d7527d1dd0d34fc70:visited , .uee484edfc009630d7527d1dd0d34fc70:active { border:0!important; } .uee484edfc009630d7527d1dd0d34fc70 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uee484edfc009630d7527d1dd0d34fc70 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uee484edfc009630d7527d1dd0d34fc70:active , .uee484edfc009630d7527d1dd0d34fc70:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uee484edfc009630d7527d1dd0d34fc70 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uee484edfc009630d7527d1dd0d34fc70 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uee484edfc009630d7527d1dd0d34fc70 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uee484edfc009630d7527d1dd0d34fc70 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uee484edfc009630d7527d1dd0d34fc70:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uee484edfc009630d7527d1dd0d34fc70 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uee484edfc009630d7527d1dd0d34fc70 .uee484edfc009630d7527d1dd0d34fc70-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uee484edfc009630d7527d1dd0d34fc70:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Anger EssayPassion VenturingEntrepreneurial ?reativity and venturing is contained by the habit to control ones passions. Desires are the cause of suffering. If desire, which lies at the route of all human passion, can be removed, then passion will die out and all human suffering will be ended. – Buddhism Vain indeed is all overweening pride in the conquest even of the entire universe if one has not conquered ones own passions. – Sri Aurobindo Entrepreneurial venturing is encouraged emotionally. Nothing is ever achieved by reasonable men. – J Fred Bucy of Texas Instruments Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm Always do what you are afra id to do Do not go where the path may lead, go instead where there is no path and leave a trail. – Ralph Waldo Emerson If you want to succeed, you have to forge new paths and avoid borrowed ones. – John Rockfeller Achievement WinningWinning is inside yourself. Though he should conquer a thousand men in the battlefield a thousand times, yet he, indeed, who would conquer himself is the noblest victor. – Buddha He who conquers others is strong; he who conquers himself is mighty. – Lao Tzu The Three Armies can be deprived of their commanding officer, but even a common man cannot be deprived of his purpose. – Confucius Winning is outside yourself. Youre not a star until they can spell your name in Karachi. – Roger Moore Life affords no higher pleasure than that of surmounting difficulties, passing from one stop of success to another, forming new wishes and seeing them gratified. – Samuel Johnson It is not because things are difficul t that we do not dare; it is because we do not dare that they are difficult. ImplementationSpiritual and missionary approach. To create and develop without any feelings of ownership, to work and guide without any expectation and control, is the best quality. – Lao Tzu To achieve self-liberation and nirvana you need to perform your duties without expecting any reward for it. – Vedanta, Hinduism Action can be achieved by inaction, where the result is achieved by Not-Me – Zen Pragmatic and emotional approach. The supreme accomplishment is to blur the line between work and play. – Arnold Toynbee Since most of us spend our lives doing ordinary tasks, the most important thing is to carry them out extraordinary well. – Henry David Thoreau Every minute you spend in planning saves 10 minutes in execution. – Brian Tracy Goals Key to SuccessSpiritual Virtuous life and adherence to performing your duties. – Confucianism If you really want eve rything, then give up everything. – Lao Tzu He is able who thinks he is able. – Buddha Materialistic The secret of success in life, and subsequently of making money, is to enjoy your work. If you do, nothing is hard work – no matter how many hours you put in. – Sir Billy Butlin Success is that old ABC – ability, breaks and courage. – Charles Luckman Flaming enthusiasm, backed by horse sense and persistence, is the quality that most frequently makes for success. – Dale Carnegie Living PrinciplesVirtue Be satisfied with whatever you have, and enjoy the same. When you come to know that you have everything, and you are not short of anything, then the whole world will be yours. – Lao Tzu The thought manifests as the word; The word manifests as the deed; The deed develops into habit; And habit hardens into character. So watch the thought and its ways with care, And let it spring from love born out of concern for all beings. â₠¬â€œ Buddha Ethic Refrain from doing ill; for one all powerful reason, lest our children should copy our misdeeds; we are all to prone to imitate whatever is base and depraved. – Juvenal There is no real excellence in all this world which can be separated from right living. – David Starr Jordan Establishing Control Over Your EmotionsThrough meditation A man can separate his/her mind from his/her emotions and control them. – Taoism Through analysis I can control my passions and emotions if I can understand their nature. – Spinosa LeadershipSpiritual; walking behind people; silence